See also Documentation/fault-injection/.
floppy= [HW]
- See Documentation/blockdev/floppy.txt.
+ See Documentation/blockdev/floppy.rst.
force_pal_cache_flush
[IA-64] Avoid check_sal_cache_flush which may hang on
memblock=debug [KNL] Enable memblock debug messages.
load_ramdisk= [RAM] List of ramdisks to load from floppy
- See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
+ See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.rst.
lockd.nlm_grace_period=P [NFS] Assign grace period.
Format: <integer>
pcd. [PARIDE]
See header of drivers/block/paride/pcd.c.
- See also Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
+ See also Documentation/blockdev/paride.rst.
pci=option[,option...] [PCI] various PCI subsystem options.
needed on a platform with proper driver support.
pd. [PARIDE]
- See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
+ See Documentation/blockdev/paride.rst.
pdcchassis= [PARISC,HW] Disable/Enable PDC Chassis Status codes at
boot time.
and performance comparison.
pf. [PARIDE]
- See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
+ See Documentation/blockdev/paride.rst.
pg. [PARIDE]
- See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
+ See Documentation/blockdev/paride.rst.
pirq= [SMP,APIC] Manual mp-table setup
See Documentation/x86/i386/IO-APIC.rst.
prompt_ramdisk= [RAM] List of RAM disks to prompt for floppy disk
before loading.
- See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
+ See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.rst.
psi= [KNL] Enable or disable pressure stall information
tracking.
pstore.backend= Specify the name of the pstore backend to use
pt. [PARIDE]
- See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
+ See Documentation/blockdev/paride.rst.
pti= [X86_64] Control Page Table Isolation of user and
kernel address spaces. Disabling this feature
See Documentation/admin-guide/md.rst.
ramdisk_size= [RAM] Sizes of RAM disks in kilobytes
- See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
+ See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.rst.
random.trust_cpu={on,off}
[KNL] Enable or disable trusting the use of the
+++ /dev/null
-Description
-
- DRBD is a shared-nothing, synchronously replicated block device. It
- is designed to serve as a building block for high availability
- clusters and in this context, is a "drop-in" replacement for shared
- storage. Simplistically, you could see it as a network RAID 1.
-
- Please visit http://www.drbd.org to find out more.
-
-The here included files are intended to help understand the implementation
-
-DRBD-8.3-data-packets.svg, DRBD-data-packets.svg
- relates some functions, and write packets.
-
-conn-states-8.dot, disk-states-8.dot, node-states-8.dot
- The sub graphs of DRBD's state transitions
--- /dev/null
+================================
+kernel data structure for DRBD-9
+================================
+
+This describes the in kernel data structure for DRBD-9. Starting with
+Linux v3.14 we are reorganizing DRBD to use this data structure.
+
+Basic Data Structure
+====================
+
+A node has a number of DRBD resources. Each such resource has a number of
+devices (aka volumes) and connections to other nodes ("peer nodes"). Each DRBD
+device is represented by a block device locally.
+
+The DRBD objects are interconnected to form a matrix as depicted below; a
+drbd_peer_device object sits at each intersection between a drbd_device and a
+drbd_connection::
+
+ /--------------+---------------+.....+---------------\
+ | resource | device | | device |
+ +--------------+---------------+.....+---------------+
+ | connection | peer_device | | peer_device |
+ +--------------+---------------+.....+---------------+
+ : : : : :
+ : : : : :
+ +--------------+---------------+.....+---------------+
+ | connection | peer_device | | peer_device |
+ \--------------+---------------+.....+---------------/
+
+In this table, horizontally, devices can be accessed from resources by their
+volume number. Likewise, peer_devices can be accessed from connections by
+their volume number. Objects in the vertical direction are connected by double
+linked lists. There are back pointers from peer_devices to their connections a
+devices, and from connections and devices to their resource.
+
+All resources are in the drbd_resources double-linked list. In addition, all
+devices can be accessed by their minor device number via the drbd_devices idr.
+
+The drbd_resource, drbd_connection, and drbd_device objects are reference
+counted. The peer_device objects only serve to establish the links between
+devices and connections; their lifetime is determined by the lifetime of the
+device and connection which they reference.
+++ /dev/null
-This describes the in kernel data structure for DRBD-9. Starting with
-Linux v3.14 we are reorganizing DRBD to use this data structure.
-
-Basic Data Structure
-====================
-
-A node has a number of DRBD resources. Each such resource has a number of
-devices (aka volumes) and connections to other nodes ("peer nodes"). Each DRBD
-device is represented by a block device locally.
-
-The DRBD objects are interconnected to form a matrix as depicted below; a
-drbd_peer_device object sits at each intersection between a drbd_device and a
-drbd_connection:
-
- /--------------+---------------+.....+---------------\
- | resource | device | | device |
- +--------------+---------------+.....+---------------+
- | connection | peer_device | | peer_device |
- +--------------+---------------+.....+---------------+
- : : : : :
- : : : : :
- +--------------+---------------+.....+---------------+
- | connection | peer_device | | peer_device |
- \--------------+---------------+.....+---------------/
-
-In this table, horizontally, devices can be accessed from resources by their
-volume number. Likewise, peer_devices can be accessed from connections by
-their volume number. Objects in the vertical direction are connected by double
-linked lists. There are back pointers from peer_devices to their connections a
-devices, and from connections and devices to their resource.
-
-All resources are in the drbd_resources double-linked list. In addition, all
-devices can be accessed by their minor device number via the drbd_devices idr.
-
-The drbd_resource, drbd_connection, and drbd_device objects are reference
-counted. The peer_device objects only serve to establish the links between
-devices and connections; their lifetime is determined by the lifetime of the
-device and connection which they reference.
--- /dev/null
+.. The here included files are intended to help understand the implementation
+
+Data flows that Relate some functions, and write packets
+========================================================
+
+.. kernel-figure:: DRBD-8.3-data-packets.svg
+ :alt: DRBD-8.3-data-packets.svg
+ :align: center
+
+.. kernel-figure:: DRBD-data-packets.svg
+ :alt: DRBD-data-packets.svg
+ :align: center
+
+
+Sub graphs of DRBD's state transitions
+======================================
+
+.. kernel-figure:: conn-states-8.dot
+ :alt: conn-states-8.dot
+ :align: center
+
+.. kernel-figure:: disk-states-8.dot
+ :alt: disk-states-8.dot
+ :align: center
+
+.. kernel-figure:: node-states-8.dot
+ :alt: node-states-8.dot
+ :align: center
--- /dev/null
+==========================================
+Distributed Replicated Block Device - DRBD
+==========================================
+
+Description
+===========
+
+ DRBD is a shared-nothing, synchronously replicated block device. It
+ is designed to serve as a building block for high availability
+ clusters and in this context, is a "drop-in" replacement for shared
+ storage. Simplistically, you could see it as a network RAID 1.
+
+ Please visit http://www.drbd.org to find out more.
+
+.. toctree::
+ :maxdepth: 1
+
+ data-structure-v9
+ figures
--- /dev/null
+=============
+Floppy Driver
+=============
+
+FAQ list:
+=========
+
+A FAQ list may be found in the fdutils package (see below), and also
+at <http://fdutils.linux.lu/faq.html>.
+
+
+LILO configuration options (Thinkpad users, read this)
+======================================================
+
+The floppy driver is configured using the 'floppy=' option in
+lilo. This option can be typed at the boot prompt, or entered in the
+lilo configuration file.
+
+Example: If your kernel is called linux-2.6.9, type the following line
+at the lilo boot prompt (if you have a thinkpad)::
+
+ linux-2.6.9 floppy=thinkpad
+
+You may also enter the following line in /etc/lilo.conf, in the description
+of linux-2.6.9::
+
+ append = "floppy=thinkpad"
+
+Several floppy related options may be given, example::
+
+ linux-2.6.9 floppy=daring floppy=two_fdc
+ append = "floppy=daring floppy=two_fdc"
+
+If you give options both in the lilo config file and on the boot
+prompt, the option strings of both places are concatenated, the boot
+prompt options coming last. That's why there are also options to
+restore the default behavior.
+
+
+Module configuration options
+============================
+
+If you use the floppy driver as a module, use the following syntax::
+
+ modprobe floppy floppy="<options>"
+
+Example::
+
+ modprobe floppy floppy="omnibook messages"
+
+If you need certain options enabled every time you load the floppy driver,
+you can put::
+
+ options floppy floppy="omnibook messages"
+
+in a configuration file in /etc/modprobe.d/.
+
+
+The floppy driver related options are:
+
+ floppy=asus_pci
+ Sets the bit mask to allow only units 0 and 1. (default)
+
+ floppy=daring
+ Tells the floppy driver that you have a well behaved floppy controller.
+ This allows more efficient and smoother operation, but may fail on
+ certain controllers. This may speed up certain operations.
+
+ floppy=0,daring
+ Tells the floppy driver that your floppy controller should be used
+ with caution.
+
+ floppy=one_fdc
+ Tells the floppy driver that you have only one floppy controller.
+ (default)
+
+ floppy=two_fdc / floppy=<address>,two_fdc
+ Tells the floppy driver that you have two floppy controllers.
+ The second floppy controller is assumed to be at <address>.
+ This option is not needed if the second controller is at address
+ 0x370, and if you use the 'cmos' option.
+
+ floppy=thinkpad
+ Tells the floppy driver that you have a Thinkpad. Thinkpads use an
+ inverted convention for the disk change line.
+
+ floppy=0,thinkpad
+ Tells the floppy driver that you don't have a Thinkpad.
+
+ floppy=omnibook / floppy=nodma
+ Tells the floppy driver not to use Dma for data transfers.
+ This is needed on HP Omnibooks, which don't have a workable
+ DMA channel for the floppy driver. This option is also useful
+ if you frequently get "Unable to allocate DMA memory" messages.
+ Indeed, dma memory needs to be continuous in physical memory,
+ and is thus harder to find, whereas non-dma buffers may be
+ allocated in virtual memory. However, I advise against this if
+ you have an FDC without a FIFO (8272A or 82072). 82072A and
+ later are OK. You also need at least a 486 to use nodma.
+ If you use nodma mode, I suggest you also set the FIFO
+ threshold to 10 or lower, in order to limit the number of data
+ transfer interrupts.
+
+ If you have a FIFO-able FDC, the floppy driver automatically
+ falls back on non DMA mode if no DMA-able memory can be found.
+ If you want to avoid this, explicitly ask for 'yesdma'.
+
+ floppy=yesdma
+ Tells the floppy driver that a workable DMA channel is available.
+ (default)
+
+ floppy=nofifo
+ Disables the FIFO entirely. This is needed if you get "Bus
+ master arbitration error" messages from your Ethernet card (or
+ from other devices) while accessing the floppy.
+
+ floppy=usefifo
+ Enables the FIFO. (default)
+
+ floppy=<threshold>,fifo_depth
+ Sets the FIFO threshold. This is mostly relevant in DMA
+ mode. If this is higher, the floppy driver tolerates more
+ interrupt latency, but it triggers more interrupts (i.e. it
+ imposes more load on the rest of the system). If this is
+ lower, the interrupt latency should be lower too (faster
+ processor). The benefit of a lower threshold is less
+ interrupts.
+
+ To tune the fifo threshold, switch on over/underrun messages
+ using 'floppycontrol --messages'. Then access a floppy
+ disk. If you get a huge amount of "Over/Underrun - retrying"
+ messages, then the fifo threshold is too low. Try with a
+ higher value, until you only get an occasional Over/Underrun.
+ It is a good idea to compile the floppy driver as a module
+ when doing this tuning. Indeed, it allows to try different
+ fifo values without rebooting the machine for each test. Note
+ that you need to do 'floppycontrol --messages' every time you
+ re-insert the module.
+
+ Usually, tuning the fifo threshold should not be needed, as
+ the default (0xa) is reasonable.
+
+ floppy=<drive>,<type>,cmos
+ Sets the CMOS type of <drive> to <type>. This is mandatory if
+ you have more than two floppy drives (only two can be
+ described in the physical CMOS), or if your BIOS uses
+ non-standard CMOS types. The CMOS types are:
+
+ == ==================================
+ 0 Use the value of the physical CMOS
+ 1 5 1/4 DD
+ 2 5 1/4 HD
+ 3 3 1/2 DD
+ 4 3 1/2 HD
+ 5 3 1/2 ED
+ 6 3 1/2 ED
+ 16 unknown or not installed
+ == ==================================
+
+ (Note: there are two valid types for ED drives. This is because 5 was
+ initially chosen to represent floppy *tapes*, and 6 for ED drives.
+ AMI ignored this, and used 5 for ED drives. That's why the floppy
+ driver handles both.)
+
+ floppy=unexpected_interrupts
+ Print a warning message when an unexpected interrupt is received.
+ (default)
+
+ floppy=no_unexpected_interrupts / floppy=L40SX
+ Don't print a message when an unexpected interrupt is received. This
+ is needed on IBM L40SX laptops in certain video modes. (There seems
+ to be an interaction between video and floppy. The unexpected
+ interrupts affect only performance, and can be safely ignored.)
+
+ floppy=broken_dcl
+ Don't use the disk change line, but assume that the disk was
+ changed whenever the device node is reopened. Needed on some
+ boxes where the disk change line is broken or unsupported.
+ This should be regarded as a stopgap measure, indeed it makes
+ floppy operation less efficient due to unneeded cache
+ flushings, and slightly more unreliable. Please verify your
+ cable, connection and jumper settings if you have any DCL
+ problems. However, some older drives, and also some laptops
+ are known not to have a DCL.
+
+ floppy=debug
+ Print debugging messages.
+
+ floppy=messages
+ Print informational messages for some operations (disk change
+ notifications, warnings about over and underruns, and about
+ autodetection).
+
+ floppy=silent_dcl_clear
+ Uses a less noisy way to clear the disk change line (which
+ doesn't involve seeks). Implied by 'daring' option.
+
+ floppy=<nr>,irq
+ Sets the floppy IRQ to <nr> instead of 6.
+
+ floppy=<nr>,dma
+ Sets the floppy DMA channel to <nr> instead of 2.
+
+ floppy=slow
+ Use PS/2 stepping rate::
+
+ PS/2 floppies have much slower step rates than regular floppies.
+ It's been recommended that take about 1/4 of the default speed
+ in some more extreme cases.
+
+
+Supporting utilities and additional documentation:
+==================================================
+
+Additional parameters of the floppy driver can be configured at
+runtime. Utilities which do this can be found in the fdutils package.
+This package also contains a new version of mtools which allows to
+access high capacity disks (up to 1992K on a high density 3 1/2 disk!).
+It also contains additional documentation about the floppy driver.
+
+The latest version can be found at fdutils homepage:
+
+ http://fdutils.linux.lu
+
+The fdutils releases can be found at:
+
+ http://fdutils.linux.lu/download.html
+
+ http://www.tux.org/pub/knaff/fdutils/
+
+ ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/disk-management/
+
+Reporting problems about the floppy driver
+==========================================
+
+If you have a question or a bug report about the floppy driver, mail
+me at Alain.Knaff@poboxes.com . If you post to Usenet, preferably use
+comp.os.linux.hardware. As the volume in these groups is rather high,
+be sure to include the word "floppy" (or "FLOPPY") in the subject
+line. If the reported problem happens when mounting floppy disks, be
+sure to mention also the type of the filesystem in the subject line.
+
+Be sure to read the FAQ before mailing/posting any bug reports!
+
+Alain
+
+Changelog
+=========
+
+10-30-2004 :
+ Cleanup, updating, add reference to module configuration.
+ James Nelson <james4765@gmail.com>
+
+6-3-2000 :
+ Original Document
+++ /dev/null
-This file describes the floppy driver.
-
-FAQ list:
-=========
-
- A FAQ list may be found in the fdutils package (see below), and also
-at <http://fdutils.linux.lu/faq.html>.
-
-
-LILO configuration options (Thinkpad users, read this)
-======================================================
-
- The floppy driver is configured using the 'floppy=' option in
-lilo. This option can be typed at the boot prompt, or entered in the
-lilo configuration file.
-
- Example: If your kernel is called linux-2.6.9, type the following line
-at the lilo boot prompt (if you have a thinkpad):
-
- linux-2.6.9 floppy=thinkpad
-
-You may also enter the following line in /etc/lilo.conf, in the description
-of linux-2.6.9:
-
- append = "floppy=thinkpad"
-
- Several floppy related options may be given, example:
-
- linux-2.6.9 floppy=daring floppy=two_fdc
- append = "floppy=daring floppy=two_fdc"
-
- If you give options both in the lilo config file and on the boot
-prompt, the option strings of both places are concatenated, the boot
-prompt options coming last. That's why there are also options to
-restore the default behavior.
-
-
-Module configuration options
-============================
-
- If you use the floppy driver as a module, use the following syntax:
-modprobe floppy floppy="<options>"
-
-Example:
- modprobe floppy floppy="omnibook messages"
-
- If you need certain options enabled every time you load the floppy driver,
-you can put:
-
- options floppy floppy="omnibook messages"
-
-in a configuration file in /etc/modprobe.d/.
-
-
- The floppy driver related options are:
-
- floppy=asus_pci
- Sets the bit mask to allow only units 0 and 1. (default)
-
- floppy=daring
- Tells the floppy driver that you have a well behaved floppy controller.
- This allows more efficient and smoother operation, but may fail on
- certain controllers. This may speed up certain operations.
-
- floppy=0,daring
- Tells the floppy driver that your floppy controller should be used
- with caution.
-
- floppy=one_fdc
- Tells the floppy driver that you have only one floppy controller.
- (default)
-
- floppy=two_fdc
- floppy=<address>,two_fdc
- Tells the floppy driver that you have two floppy controllers.
- The second floppy controller is assumed to be at <address>.
- This option is not needed if the second controller is at address
- 0x370, and if you use the 'cmos' option.
-
- floppy=thinkpad
- Tells the floppy driver that you have a Thinkpad. Thinkpads use an
- inverted convention for the disk change line.
-
- floppy=0,thinkpad
- Tells the floppy driver that you don't have a Thinkpad.
-
- floppy=omnibook
- floppy=nodma
- Tells the floppy driver not to use Dma for data transfers.
- This is needed on HP Omnibooks, which don't have a workable
- DMA channel for the floppy driver. This option is also useful
- if you frequently get "Unable to allocate DMA memory" messages.
- Indeed, dma memory needs to be continuous in physical memory,
- and is thus harder to find, whereas non-dma buffers may be
- allocated in virtual memory. However, I advise against this if
- you have an FDC without a FIFO (8272A or 82072). 82072A and
- later are OK. You also need at least a 486 to use nodma.
- If you use nodma mode, I suggest you also set the FIFO
- threshold to 10 or lower, in order to limit the number of data
- transfer interrupts.
-
- If you have a FIFO-able FDC, the floppy driver automatically
- falls back on non DMA mode if no DMA-able memory can be found.
- If you want to avoid this, explicitly ask for 'yesdma'.
-
- floppy=yesdma
- Tells the floppy driver that a workable DMA channel is available.
- (default)
-
- floppy=nofifo
- Disables the FIFO entirely. This is needed if you get "Bus
- master arbitration error" messages from your Ethernet card (or
- from other devices) while accessing the floppy.
-
- floppy=usefifo
- Enables the FIFO. (default)
-
- floppy=<threshold>,fifo_depth
- Sets the FIFO threshold. This is mostly relevant in DMA
- mode. If this is higher, the floppy driver tolerates more
- interrupt latency, but it triggers more interrupts (i.e. it
- imposes more load on the rest of the system). If this is
- lower, the interrupt latency should be lower too (faster
- processor). The benefit of a lower threshold is less
- interrupts.
-
- To tune the fifo threshold, switch on over/underrun messages
- using 'floppycontrol --messages'. Then access a floppy
- disk. If you get a huge amount of "Over/Underrun - retrying"
- messages, then the fifo threshold is too low. Try with a
- higher value, until you only get an occasional Over/Underrun.
- It is a good idea to compile the floppy driver as a module
- when doing this tuning. Indeed, it allows to try different
- fifo values without rebooting the machine for each test. Note
- that you need to do 'floppycontrol --messages' every time you
- re-insert the module.
-
- Usually, tuning the fifo threshold should not be needed, as
- the default (0xa) is reasonable.
-
- floppy=<drive>,<type>,cmos
- Sets the CMOS type of <drive> to <type>. This is mandatory if
- you have more than two floppy drives (only two can be
- described in the physical CMOS), or if your BIOS uses
- non-standard CMOS types. The CMOS types are:
-
- 0 - Use the value of the physical CMOS
- 1 - 5 1/4 DD
- 2 - 5 1/4 HD
- 3 - 3 1/2 DD
- 4 - 3 1/2 HD
- 5 - 3 1/2 ED
- 6 - 3 1/2 ED
- 16 - unknown or not installed
-
- (Note: there are two valid types for ED drives. This is because 5 was
- initially chosen to represent floppy *tapes*, and 6 for ED drives.
- AMI ignored this, and used 5 for ED drives. That's why the floppy
- driver handles both.)
-
- floppy=unexpected_interrupts
- Print a warning message when an unexpected interrupt is received.
- (default)
-
- floppy=no_unexpected_interrupts
- floppy=L40SX
- Don't print a message when an unexpected interrupt is received. This
- is needed on IBM L40SX laptops in certain video modes. (There seems
- to be an interaction between video and floppy. The unexpected
- interrupts affect only performance, and can be safely ignored.)
-
- floppy=broken_dcl
- Don't use the disk change line, but assume that the disk was
- changed whenever the device node is reopened. Needed on some
- boxes where the disk change line is broken or unsupported.
- This should be regarded as a stopgap measure, indeed it makes
- floppy operation less efficient due to unneeded cache
- flushings, and slightly more unreliable. Please verify your
- cable, connection and jumper settings if you have any DCL
- problems. However, some older drives, and also some laptops
- are known not to have a DCL.
-
- floppy=debug
- Print debugging messages.
-
- floppy=messages
- Print informational messages for some operations (disk change
- notifications, warnings about over and underruns, and about
- autodetection).
-
- floppy=silent_dcl_clear
- Uses a less noisy way to clear the disk change line (which
- doesn't involve seeks). Implied by 'daring' option.
-
- floppy=<nr>,irq
- Sets the floppy IRQ to <nr> instead of 6.
-
- floppy=<nr>,dma
- Sets the floppy DMA channel to <nr> instead of 2.
-
- floppy=slow
- Use PS/2 stepping rate:
- " PS/2 floppies have much slower step rates than regular floppies.
- It's been recommended that take about 1/4 of the default speed
- in some more extreme cases."
-
-
-Supporting utilities and additional documentation:
-==================================================
-
- Additional parameters of the floppy driver can be configured at
-runtime. Utilities which do this can be found in the fdutils package.
-This package also contains a new version of mtools which allows to
-access high capacity disks (up to 1992K on a high density 3 1/2 disk!).
-It also contains additional documentation about the floppy driver.
-
-The latest version can be found at fdutils homepage:
- http://fdutils.linux.lu
-
-The fdutils releases can be found at:
- http://fdutils.linux.lu/download.html
- http://www.tux.org/pub/knaff/fdutils/
- ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/disk-management/
-
-Reporting problems about the floppy driver
-==========================================
-
- If you have a question or a bug report about the floppy driver, mail
-me at Alain.Knaff@poboxes.com . If you post to Usenet, preferably use
-comp.os.linux.hardware. As the volume in these groups is rather high,
-be sure to include the word "floppy" (or "FLOPPY") in the subject
-line. If the reported problem happens when mounting floppy disks, be
-sure to mention also the type of the filesystem in the subject line.
-
- Be sure to read the FAQ before mailing/posting any bug reports!
-
- Alain
-
-Changelog
-=========
-
-10-30-2004 : Cleanup, updating, add reference to module configuration.
- James Nelson <james4765@gmail.com>
-
-6-3-2000 : Original Document
--- /dev/null
+:orphan:
+
+===========================
+The Linux RapidIO Subsystem
+===========================
+
+.. toctree::
+ :maxdepth: 1
+
+ floppy
+ nbd
+ paride
+ ramdisk
+ zram
+
+ drbd/index
--- /dev/null
+==================================
+Network Block Device (TCP version)
+==================================
+
+1) Overview
+-----------
+
+What is it: With this compiled in the kernel (or as a module), Linux
+can use a remote server as one of its block devices. So every time
+the client computer wants to read, e.g., /dev/nb0, it sends a
+request over TCP to the server, which will reply with the data read.
+This can be used for stations with low disk space (or even diskless)
+to borrow disk space from another computer.
+Unlike NFS, it is possible to put any filesystem on it, etc.
+
+For more information, or to download the nbd-client and nbd-server
+tools, go to http://nbd.sf.net/.
+
+The nbd kernel module need only be installed on the client
+system, as the nbd-server is completely in userspace. In fact,
+the nbd-server has been successfully ported to other operating
+systems, including Windows.
+
+A) NBD parameters
+-----------------
+
+max_part
+ Number of partitions per device (default: 0).
+
+nbds_max
+ Number of block devices that should be initialized (default: 16).
+++ /dev/null
-Network Block Device (TCP version)
-==================================
-
-1) Overview
------------
-
-What is it: With this compiled in the kernel (or as a module), Linux
-can use a remote server as one of its block devices. So every time
-the client computer wants to read, e.g., /dev/nb0, it sends a
-request over TCP to the server, which will reply with the data read.
-This can be used for stations with low disk space (or even diskless)
-to borrow disk space from another computer.
-Unlike NFS, it is possible to put any filesystem on it, etc.
-
-For more information, or to download the nbd-client and nbd-server
-tools, go to http://nbd.sf.net/.
-
-The nbd kernel module need only be installed on the client
-system, as the nbd-server is completely in userspace. In fact,
-the nbd-server has been successfully ported to other operating
-systems, including Windows.
-
-A) NBD parameters
------------------
-
-max_part
- Number of partitions per device (default: 0).
-
-nbds_max
- Number of block devices that should be initialized (default: 16).
-
--- /dev/null
+===================================
+Linux and parallel port IDE devices
+===================================
+
+PARIDE v1.03 (c) 1997-8 Grant Guenther <grant@torque.net>
+
+1. Introduction
+===============
+
+Owing to the simplicity and near universality of the parallel port interface
+to personal computers, many external devices such as portable hard-disk,
+CD-ROM, LS-120 and tape drives use the parallel port to connect to their
+host computer. While some devices (notably scanners) use ad-hoc methods
+to pass commands and data through the parallel port interface, most
+external devices are actually identical to an internal model, but with
+a parallel-port adapter chip added in. Some of the original parallel port
+adapters were little more than mechanisms for multiplexing a SCSI bus.
+(The Iomega PPA-3 adapter used in the ZIP drives is an example of this
+approach). Most current designs, however, take a different approach.
+The adapter chip reproduces a small ISA or IDE bus in the external device
+and the communication protocol provides operations for reading and writing
+device registers, as well as data block transfer functions. Sometimes,
+the device being addressed via the parallel cable is a standard SCSI
+controller like an NCR 5380. The "ditto" family of external tape
+drives use the ISA replicator to interface a floppy disk controller,
+which is then connected to a floppy-tape mechanism. The vast majority
+of external parallel port devices, however, are now based on standard
+IDE type devices, which require no intermediate controller. If one
+were to open up a parallel port CD-ROM drive, for instance, one would
+find a standard ATAPI CD-ROM drive, a power supply, and a single adapter
+that interconnected a standard PC parallel port cable and a standard
+IDE cable. It is usually possible to exchange the CD-ROM device with
+any other device using the IDE interface.
+
+The document describes the support in Linux for parallel port IDE
+devices. It does not cover parallel port SCSI devices, "ditto" tape
+drives or scanners. Many different devices are supported by the
+parallel port IDE subsystem, including:
+
+ - MicroSolutions backpack CD-ROM
+ - MicroSolutions backpack PD/CD
+ - MicroSolutions backpack hard-drives
+ - MicroSolutions backpack 8000t tape drive
+ - SyQuest EZ-135, EZ-230 & SparQ drives
+ - Avatar Shark
+ - Imation Superdisk LS-120
+ - Maxell Superdisk LS-120
+ - FreeCom Power CD
+ - Hewlett-Packard 5GB and 8GB tape drives
+ - Hewlett-Packard 7100 and 7200 CD-RW drives
+
+as well as most of the clone and no-name products on the market.
+
+To support such a wide range of devices, PARIDE, the parallel port IDE
+subsystem, is actually structured in three parts. There is a base
+paride module which provides a registry and some common methods for
+accessing the parallel ports. The second component is a set of
+high-level drivers for each of the different types of supported devices:
+
+ === =============
+ pd IDE disk
+ pcd ATAPI CD-ROM
+ pf ATAPI disk
+ pt ATAPI tape
+ pg ATAPI generic
+ === =============
+
+(Currently, the pg driver is only used with CD-R drives).
+
+The high-level drivers function according to the relevant standards.
+The third component of PARIDE is a set of low-level protocol drivers
+for each of the parallel port IDE adapter chips. Thanks to the interest
+and encouragement of Linux users from many parts of the world,
+support is available for almost all known adapter protocols:
+
+ ==== ====================================== ====
+ aten ATEN EH-100 (HK)
+ bpck Microsolutions backpack (US)
+ comm DataStor (old-type) "commuter" adapter (TW)
+ dstr DataStor EP-2000 (TW)
+ epat Shuttle EPAT (UK)
+ epia Shuttle EPIA (UK)
+ fit2 FIT TD-2000 (US)
+ fit3 FIT TD-3000 (US)
+ friq Freecom IQ cable (DE)
+ frpw Freecom Power (DE)
+ kbic KingByte KBIC-951A and KBIC-971A (TW)
+ ktti KT Technology PHd adapter (SG)
+ on20 OnSpec 90c20 (US)
+ on26 OnSpec 90c26 (US)
+ ==== ====================================== ====
+
+
+2. Using the PARIDE subsystem
+=============================
+
+While configuring the Linux kernel, you may choose either to build
+the PARIDE drivers into your kernel, or to build them as modules.
+
+In either case, you will need to select "Parallel port IDE device support"
+as well as at least one of the high-level drivers and at least one
+of the parallel port communication protocols. If you do not know
+what kind of parallel port adapter is used in your drive, you could
+begin by checking the file names and any text files on your DOS
+installation floppy. Alternatively, you can look at the markings on
+the adapter chip itself. That's usually sufficient to identify the
+correct device.
+
+You can actually select all the protocol modules, and allow the PARIDE
+subsystem to try them all for you.
+
+For the "brand-name" products listed above, here are the protocol
+and high-level drivers that you would use:
+
+ ================ ============ ====== ========
+ Manufacturer Model Driver Protocol
+ ================ ============ ====== ========
+ MicroSolutions CD-ROM pcd bpck
+ MicroSolutions PD drive pf bpck
+ MicroSolutions hard-drive pd bpck
+ MicroSolutions 8000t tape pt bpck
+ SyQuest EZ, SparQ pd epat
+ Imation Superdisk pf epat
+ Maxell Superdisk pf friq
+ Avatar Shark pd epat
+ FreeCom CD-ROM pcd frpw
+ Hewlett-Packard 5GB Tape pt epat
+ Hewlett-Packard 7200e (CD) pcd epat
+ Hewlett-Packard 7200e (CD-R) pg epat
+ ================ ============ ====== ========
+
+2.1 Configuring built-in drivers
+---------------------------------
+
+We recommend that you get to know how the drivers work and how to
+configure them as loadable modules, before attempting to compile a
+kernel with the drivers built-in.
+
+If you built all of your PARIDE support directly into your kernel,
+and you have just a single parallel port IDE device, your kernel should
+locate it automatically for you. If you have more than one device,
+you may need to give some command line options to your bootloader
+(eg: LILO), how to do that is beyond the scope of this document.
+
+The high-level drivers accept a number of command line parameters, all
+of which are documented in the source files in linux/drivers/block/paride.
+By default, each driver will automatically try all parallel ports it
+can find, and all protocol types that have been installed, until it finds
+a parallel port IDE adapter. Once it finds one, the probe stops. So,
+if you have more than one device, you will need to tell the drivers
+how to identify them. This requires specifying the port address, the
+protocol identification number and, for some devices, the drive's
+chain ID. While your system is booting, a number of messages are
+displayed on the console. Like all such messages, they can be
+reviewed with the 'dmesg' command. Among those messages will be
+some lines like::
+
+ paride: bpck registered as protocol 0
+ paride: epat registered as protocol 1
+
+The numbers will always be the same until you build a new kernel with
+different protocol selections. You should note these numbers as you
+will need them to identify the devices.
+
+If you happen to be using a MicroSolutions backpack device, you will
+also need to know the unit ID number for each drive. This is usually
+the last two digits of the drive's serial number (but read MicroSolutions'
+documentation about this).
+
+As an example, let's assume that you have a MicroSolutions PD/CD drive
+with unit ID number 36 connected to the parallel port at 0x378, a SyQuest
+EZ-135 connected to the chained port on the PD/CD drive and also an
+Imation Superdisk connected to port 0x278. You could give the following
+options on your boot command::
+
+ pd.drive0=0x378,1 pf.drive0=0x278,1 pf.drive1=0x378,0,36
+
+In the last option, pf.drive1 configures device /dev/pf1, the 0x378
+is the parallel port base address, the 0 is the protocol registration
+number and 36 is the chain ID.
+
+Please note: while PARIDE will work both with and without the
+PARPORT parallel port sharing system that is included by the
+"Parallel port support" option, PARPORT must be included and enabled
+if you want to use chains of devices on the same parallel port.
+
+2.2 Loading and configuring PARIDE as modules
+----------------------------------------------
+
+It is much faster and simpler to get to understand the PARIDE drivers
+if you use them as loadable kernel modules.
+
+Note 1:
+ using these drivers with the "kerneld" automatic module loading
+ system is not recommended for beginners, and is not documented here.
+
+Note 2:
+ if you build PARPORT support as a loadable module, PARIDE must
+ also be built as loadable modules, and PARPORT must be loaded before
+ the PARIDE modules.
+
+To use PARIDE, you must begin by::
+
+ insmod paride
+
+this loads a base module which provides a registry for the protocols,
+among other tasks.
+
+Then, load as many of the protocol modules as you think you might need.
+As you load each module, it will register the protocols that it supports,
+and print a log message to your kernel log file and your console. For
+example::
+
+ # insmod epat
+ paride: epat registered as protocol 0
+ # insmod kbic
+ paride: k951 registered as protocol 1
+ paride: k971 registered as protocol 2
+
+Finally, you can load high-level drivers for each kind of device that
+you have connected. By default, each driver will autoprobe for a single
+device, but you can support up to four similar devices by giving their
+individual co-ordinates when you load the driver.
+
+For example, if you had two no-name CD-ROM drives both using the
+KingByte KBIC-951A adapter, one on port 0x378 and the other on 0x3bc
+you could give the following command::
+
+ # insmod pcd drive0=0x378,1 drive1=0x3bc,1
+
+For most adapters, giving a port address and protocol number is sufficient,
+but check the source files in linux/drivers/block/paride for more
+information. (Hopefully someone will write some man pages one day !).
+
+As another example, here's what happens when PARPORT is installed, and
+a SyQuest EZ-135 is attached to port 0x378::
+
+ # insmod paride
+ paride: version 1.0 installed
+ # insmod epat
+ paride: epat registered as protocol 0
+ # insmod pd
+ pd: pd version 1.0, major 45, cluster 64, nice 0
+ pda: Sharing parport1 at 0x378
+ pda: epat 1.0, Shuttle EPAT chip c3 at 0x378, mode 5 (EPP-32), delay 1
+ pda: SyQuest EZ135A, 262144 blocks [128M], (512/16/32), removable media
+ pda: pda1
+
+Note that the last line is the output from the generic partition table
+scanner - in this case it reports that it has found a disk with one partition.
+
+2.3 Using a PARIDE device
+--------------------------
+
+Once the drivers have been loaded, you can access PARIDE devices in the
+same way as their traditional counterparts. You will probably need to
+create the device "special files". Here is a simple script that you can
+cut to a file and execute::
+
+ #!/bin/bash
+ #
+ # mkd -- a script to create the device special files for the PARIDE subsystem
+ #
+ function mkdev {
+ mknod $1 $2 $3 $4 ; chmod 0660 $1 ; chown root:disk $1
+ }
+ #
+ function pd {
+ D=$( printf \\$( printf "x%03x" $[ $1 + 97 ] ) )
+ mkdev pd$D b 45 $[ $1 * 16 ]
+ for P in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
+ do mkdev pd$D$P b 45 $[ $1 * 16 + $P ]
+ done
+ }
+ #
+ cd /dev
+ #
+ for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do pd $u ; done
+ for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pcd$u b 46 $u ; done
+ for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pf$u b 47 $u ; done
+ for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pt$u c 96 $u ; done
+ for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev npt$u c 96 $[ $u + 128 ] ; done
+ for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pg$u c 97 $u ; done
+ #
+ # end of mkd
+
+With the device files and drivers in place, you can access PARIDE devices
+like any other Linux device. For example, to mount a CD-ROM in pcd0, use::
+
+ mount /dev/pcd0 /cdrom
+
+If you have a fresh Avatar Shark cartridge, and the drive is pda, you
+might do something like::
+
+ fdisk /dev/pda -- make a new partition table with
+ partition 1 of type 83
+
+ mke2fs /dev/pda1 -- to build the file system
+
+ mkdir /shark -- make a place to mount the disk
+
+ mount /dev/pda1 /shark
+
+Devices like the Imation superdisk work in the same way, except that
+they do not have a partition table. For example to make a 120MB
+floppy that you could share with a DOS system::
+
+ mkdosfs /dev/pf0
+ mount /dev/pf0 /mnt
+
+
+2.4 The pf driver
+------------------
+
+The pf driver is intended for use with parallel port ATAPI disk
+devices. The most common devices in this category are PD drives
+and LS-120 drives. Traditionally, media for these devices are not
+partitioned. Consequently, the pf driver does not support partitioned
+media. This may be changed in a future version of the driver.
+
+2.5 Using the pt driver
+------------------------
+
+The pt driver for parallel port ATAPI tape drives is a minimal driver.
+It does not yet support many of the standard tape ioctl operations.
+For best performance, a block size of 32KB should be used. You will
+probably want to set the parallel port delay to 0, if you can.
+
+2.6 Using the pg driver
+------------------------
+
+The pg driver can be used in conjunction with the cdrecord program
+to create CD-ROMs. Please get cdrecord version 1.6.1 or later
+from ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/unix/cdrecord/ . To record CD-R media
+your parallel port should ideally be set to EPP mode, and the "port delay"
+should be set to 0. With those settings it is possible to record at 2x
+speed without any buffer underruns. If you cannot get the driver to work
+in EPP mode, try to use "bidirectional" or "PS/2" mode and 1x speeds only.
+
+
+3. Troubleshooting
+==================
+
+3.1 Use EPP mode if you can
+----------------------------
+
+The most common problems that people report with the PARIDE drivers
+concern the parallel port CMOS settings. At this time, none of the
+PARIDE protocol modules support ECP mode, or any ECP combination modes.
+If you are able to do so, please set your parallel port into EPP mode
+using your CMOS setup procedure.
+
+3.2 Check the port delay
+-------------------------
+
+Some parallel ports cannot reliably transfer data at full speed. To
+offset the errors, the PARIDE protocol modules introduce a "port
+delay" between each access to the i/o ports. Each protocol sets
+a default value for this delay. In most cases, the user can override
+the default and set it to 0 - resulting in somewhat higher transfer
+rates. In some rare cases (especially with older 486 systems) the
+default delays are not long enough. if you experience corrupt data
+transfers, or unexpected failures, you may wish to increase the
+port delay. The delay can be programmed using the "driveN" parameters
+to each of the high-level drivers. Please see the notes above, or
+read the comments at the beginning of the driver source files in
+linux/drivers/block/paride.
+
+3.3 Some drives need a printer reset
+-------------------------------------
+
+There appear to be a number of "noname" external drives on the market
+that do not always power up correctly. We have noticed this with some
+drives based on OnSpec and older Freecom adapters. In these rare cases,
+the adapter can often be reinitialised by issuing a "printer reset" on
+the parallel port. As the reset operation is potentially disruptive in
+multiple device environments, the PARIDE drivers will not do it
+automatically. You can however, force a printer reset by doing::
+
+ insmod lp reset=1
+ rmmod lp
+
+If you have one of these marginal cases, you should probably build
+your paride drivers as modules, and arrange to do the printer reset
+before loading the PARIDE drivers.
+
+3.4 Use the verbose option and dmesg if you need help
+------------------------------------------------------
+
+While a lot of testing has gone into these drivers to make them work
+as smoothly as possible, problems will arise. If you do have problems,
+please check all the obvious things first: does the drive work in
+DOS with the manufacturer's drivers ? If that doesn't yield any useful
+clues, then please make sure that only one drive is hooked to your system,
+and that either (a) PARPORT is enabled or (b) no other device driver
+is using your parallel port (check in /proc/ioports). Then, load the
+appropriate drivers (you can load several protocol modules if you want)
+as in::
+
+ # insmod paride
+ # insmod epat
+ # insmod bpck
+ # insmod kbic
+ ...
+ # insmod pd verbose=1
+
+(using the correct driver for the type of device you have, of course).
+The verbose=1 parameter will cause the drivers to log a trace of their
+activity as they attempt to locate your drive.
+
+Use 'dmesg' to capture a log of all the PARIDE messages (any messages
+beginning with paride:, a protocol module's name or a driver's name) and
+include that with your bug report. You can submit a bug report in one
+of two ways. Either send it directly to the author of the PARIDE suite,
+by e-mail to grant@torque.net, or join the linux-parport mailing list
+and post your report there.
+
+3.5 For more information or help
+---------------------------------
+
+You can join the linux-parport mailing list by sending a mail message
+to:
+
+ linux-parport-request@torque.net
+
+with the single word::
+
+ subscribe
+
+in the body of the mail message (not in the subject line). Please be
+sure that your mail program is correctly set up when you do this, as
+the list manager is a robot that will subscribe you using the reply
+address in your mail headers. REMOVE any anti-spam gimmicks you may
+have in your mail headers, when sending mail to the list server.
+
+You might also find some useful information on the linux-parport
+web pages (although they are not always up to date) at
+
+ http://web.archive.org/web/%2E/http://www.torque.net/parport/
+++ /dev/null
-
- Linux and parallel port IDE devices
-
-PARIDE v1.03 (c) 1997-8 Grant Guenther <grant@torque.net>
-
-1. Introduction
-
-Owing to the simplicity and near universality of the parallel port interface
-to personal computers, many external devices such as portable hard-disk,
-CD-ROM, LS-120 and tape drives use the parallel port to connect to their
-host computer. While some devices (notably scanners) use ad-hoc methods
-to pass commands and data through the parallel port interface, most
-external devices are actually identical to an internal model, but with
-a parallel-port adapter chip added in. Some of the original parallel port
-adapters were little more than mechanisms for multiplexing a SCSI bus.
-(The Iomega PPA-3 adapter used in the ZIP drives is an example of this
-approach). Most current designs, however, take a different approach.
-The adapter chip reproduces a small ISA or IDE bus in the external device
-and the communication protocol provides operations for reading and writing
-device registers, as well as data block transfer functions. Sometimes,
-the device being addressed via the parallel cable is a standard SCSI
-controller like an NCR 5380. The "ditto" family of external tape
-drives use the ISA replicator to interface a floppy disk controller,
-which is then connected to a floppy-tape mechanism. The vast majority
-of external parallel port devices, however, are now based on standard
-IDE type devices, which require no intermediate controller. If one
-were to open up a parallel port CD-ROM drive, for instance, one would
-find a standard ATAPI CD-ROM drive, a power supply, and a single adapter
-that interconnected a standard PC parallel port cable and a standard
-IDE cable. It is usually possible to exchange the CD-ROM device with
-any other device using the IDE interface.
-
-The document describes the support in Linux for parallel port IDE
-devices. It does not cover parallel port SCSI devices, "ditto" tape
-drives or scanners. Many different devices are supported by the
-parallel port IDE subsystem, including:
-
- MicroSolutions backpack CD-ROM
- MicroSolutions backpack PD/CD
- MicroSolutions backpack hard-drives
- MicroSolutions backpack 8000t tape drive
- SyQuest EZ-135, EZ-230 & SparQ drives
- Avatar Shark
- Imation Superdisk LS-120
- Maxell Superdisk LS-120
- FreeCom Power CD
- Hewlett-Packard 5GB and 8GB tape drives
- Hewlett-Packard 7100 and 7200 CD-RW drives
-
-as well as most of the clone and no-name products on the market.
-
-To support such a wide range of devices, PARIDE, the parallel port IDE
-subsystem, is actually structured in three parts. There is a base
-paride module which provides a registry and some common methods for
-accessing the parallel ports. The second component is a set of
-high-level drivers for each of the different types of supported devices:
-
- pd IDE disk
- pcd ATAPI CD-ROM
- pf ATAPI disk
- pt ATAPI tape
- pg ATAPI generic
-
-(Currently, the pg driver is only used with CD-R drives).
-
-The high-level drivers function according to the relevant standards.
-The third component of PARIDE is a set of low-level protocol drivers
-for each of the parallel port IDE adapter chips. Thanks to the interest
-and encouragement of Linux users from many parts of the world,
-support is available for almost all known adapter protocols:
-
- aten ATEN EH-100 (HK)
- bpck Microsolutions backpack (US)
- comm DataStor (old-type) "commuter" adapter (TW)
- dstr DataStor EP-2000 (TW)
- epat Shuttle EPAT (UK)
- epia Shuttle EPIA (UK)
- fit2 FIT TD-2000 (US)
- fit3 FIT TD-3000 (US)
- friq Freecom IQ cable (DE)
- frpw Freecom Power (DE)
- kbic KingByte KBIC-951A and KBIC-971A (TW)
- ktti KT Technology PHd adapter (SG)
- on20 OnSpec 90c20 (US)
- on26 OnSpec 90c26 (US)
-
-
-2. Using the PARIDE subsystem
-
-While configuring the Linux kernel, you may choose either to build
-the PARIDE drivers into your kernel, or to build them as modules.
-
-In either case, you will need to select "Parallel port IDE device support"
-as well as at least one of the high-level drivers and at least one
-of the parallel port communication protocols. If you do not know
-what kind of parallel port adapter is used in your drive, you could
-begin by checking the file names and any text files on your DOS
-installation floppy. Alternatively, you can look at the markings on
-the adapter chip itself. That's usually sufficient to identify the
-correct device.
-
-You can actually select all the protocol modules, and allow the PARIDE
-subsystem to try them all for you.
-
-For the "brand-name" products listed above, here are the protocol
-and high-level drivers that you would use:
-
- Manufacturer Model Driver Protocol
-
- MicroSolutions CD-ROM pcd bpck
- MicroSolutions PD drive pf bpck
- MicroSolutions hard-drive pd bpck
- MicroSolutions 8000t tape pt bpck
- SyQuest EZ, SparQ pd epat
- Imation Superdisk pf epat
- Maxell Superdisk pf friq
- Avatar Shark pd epat
- FreeCom CD-ROM pcd frpw
- Hewlett-Packard 5GB Tape pt epat
- Hewlett-Packard 7200e (CD) pcd epat
- Hewlett-Packard 7200e (CD-R) pg epat
-
-2.1 Configuring built-in drivers
-
-We recommend that you get to know how the drivers work and how to
-configure them as loadable modules, before attempting to compile a
-kernel with the drivers built-in.
-
-If you built all of your PARIDE support directly into your kernel,
-and you have just a single parallel port IDE device, your kernel should
-locate it automatically for you. If you have more than one device,
-you may need to give some command line options to your bootloader
-(eg: LILO), how to do that is beyond the scope of this document.
-
-The high-level drivers accept a number of command line parameters, all
-of which are documented in the source files in linux/drivers/block/paride.
-By default, each driver will automatically try all parallel ports it
-can find, and all protocol types that have been installed, until it finds
-a parallel port IDE adapter. Once it finds one, the probe stops. So,
-if you have more than one device, you will need to tell the drivers
-how to identify them. This requires specifying the port address, the
-protocol identification number and, for some devices, the drive's
-chain ID. While your system is booting, a number of messages are
-displayed on the console. Like all such messages, they can be
-reviewed with the 'dmesg' command. Among those messages will be
-some lines like:
-
- paride: bpck registered as protocol 0
- paride: epat registered as protocol 1
-
-The numbers will always be the same until you build a new kernel with
-different protocol selections. You should note these numbers as you
-will need them to identify the devices.
-
-If you happen to be using a MicroSolutions backpack device, you will
-also need to know the unit ID number for each drive. This is usually
-the last two digits of the drive's serial number (but read MicroSolutions'
-documentation about this).
-
-As an example, let's assume that you have a MicroSolutions PD/CD drive
-with unit ID number 36 connected to the parallel port at 0x378, a SyQuest
-EZ-135 connected to the chained port on the PD/CD drive and also an
-Imation Superdisk connected to port 0x278. You could give the following
-options on your boot command:
-
- pd.drive0=0x378,1 pf.drive0=0x278,1 pf.drive1=0x378,0,36
-
-In the last option, pf.drive1 configures device /dev/pf1, the 0x378
-is the parallel port base address, the 0 is the protocol registration
-number and 36 is the chain ID.
-
-Please note: while PARIDE will work both with and without the
-PARPORT parallel port sharing system that is included by the
-"Parallel port support" option, PARPORT must be included and enabled
-if you want to use chains of devices on the same parallel port.
-
-2.2 Loading and configuring PARIDE as modules
-
-It is much faster and simpler to get to understand the PARIDE drivers
-if you use them as loadable kernel modules.
-
-Note 1: using these drivers with the "kerneld" automatic module loading
-system is not recommended for beginners, and is not documented here.
-
-Note 2: if you build PARPORT support as a loadable module, PARIDE must
-also be built as loadable modules, and PARPORT must be loaded before the
-PARIDE modules.
-
-To use PARIDE, you must begin by
-
- insmod paride
-
-this loads a base module which provides a registry for the protocols,
-among other tasks.
-
-Then, load as many of the protocol modules as you think you might need.
-As you load each module, it will register the protocols that it supports,
-and print a log message to your kernel log file and your console. For
-example:
-
- # insmod epat
- paride: epat registered as protocol 0
- # insmod kbic
- paride: k951 registered as protocol 1
- paride: k971 registered as protocol 2
-
-Finally, you can load high-level drivers for each kind of device that
-you have connected. By default, each driver will autoprobe for a single
-device, but you can support up to four similar devices by giving their
-individual co-ordinates when you load the driver.
-
-For example, if you had two no-name CD-ROM drives both using the
-KingByte KBIC-951A adapter, one on port 0x378 and the other on 0x3bc
-you could give the following command:
-
- # insmod pcd drive0=0x378,1 drive1=0x3bc,1
-
-For most adapters, giving a port address and protocol number is sufficient,
-but check the source files in linux/drivers/block/paride for more
-information. (Hopefully someone will write some man pages one day !).
-
-As another example, here's what happens when PARPORT is installed, and
-a SyQuest EZ-135 is attached to port 0x378:
-
- # insmod paride
- paride: version 1.0 installed
- # insmod epat
- paride: epat registered as protocol 0
- # insmod pd
- pd: pd version 1.0, major 45, cluster 64, nice 0
- pda: Sharing parport1 at 0x378
- pda: epat 1.0, Shuttle EPAT chip c3 at 0x378, mode 5 (EPP-32), delay 1
- pda: SyQuest EZ135A, 262144 blocks [128M], (512/16/32), removable media
- pda: pda1
-
-Note that the last line is the output from the generic partition table
-scanner - in this case it reports that it has found a disk with one partition.
-
-2.3 Using a PARIDE device
-
-Once the drivers have been loaded, you can access PARIDE devices in the
-same way as their traditional counterparts. You will probably need to
-create the device "special files". Here is a simple script that you can
-cut to a file and execute:
-
-#!/bin/bash
-#
-# mkd -- a script to create the device special files for the PARIDE subsystem
-#
-function mkdev {
- mknod $1 $2 $3 $4 ; chmod 0660 $1 ; chown root:disk $1
-}
-#
-function pd {
- D=$( printf \\$( printf "x%03x" $[ $1 + 97 ] ) )
- mkdev pd$D b 45 $[ $1 * 16 ]
- for P in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
- do mkdev pd$D$P b 45 $[ $1 * 16 + $P ]
- done
-}
-#
-cd /dev
-#
-for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do pd $u ; done
-for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pcd$u b 46 $u ; done
-for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pf$u b 47 $u ; done
-for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pt$u c 96 $u ; done
-for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev npt$u c 96 $[ $u + 128 ] ; done
-for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pg$u c 97 $u ; done
-#
-# end of mkd
-
-With the device files and drivers in place, you can access PARIDE devices
-like any other Linux device. For example, to mount a CD-ROM in pcd0, use:
-
- mount /dev/pcd0 /cdrom
-
-If you have a fresh Avatar Shark cartridge, and the drive is pda, you
-might do something like:
-
- fdisk /dev/pda -- make a new partition table with
- partition 1 of type 83
-
- mke2fs /dev/pda1 -- to build the file system
-
- mkdir /shark -- make a place to mount the disk
-
- mount /dev/pda1 /shark
-
-Devices like the Imation superdisk work in the same way, except that
-they do not have a partition table. For example to make a 120MB
-floppy that you could share with a DOS system:
-
- mkdosfs /dev/pf0
- mount /dev/pf0 /mnt
-
-
-2.4 The pf driver
-
-The pf driver is intended for use with parallel port ATAPI disk
-devices. The most common devices in this category are PD drives
-and LS-120 drives. Traditionally, media for these devices are not
-partitioned. Consequently, the pf driver does not support partitioned
-media. This may be changed in a future version of the driver.
-
-2.5 Using the pt driver
-
-The pt driver for parallel port ATAPI tape drives is a minimal driver.
-It does not yet support many of the standard tape ioctl operations.
-For best performance, a block size of 32KB should be used. You will
-probably want to set the parallel port delay to 0, if you can.
-
-2.6 Using the pg driver
-
-The pg driver can be used in conjunction with the cdrecord program
-to create CD-ROMs. Please get cdrecord version 1.6.1 or later
-from ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/unix/cdrecord/ . To record CD-R media
-your parallel port should ideally be set to EPP mode, and the "port delay"
-should be set to 0. With those settings it is possible to record at 2x
-speed without any buffer underruns. If you cannot get the driver to work
-in EPP mode, try to use "bidirectional" or "PS/2" mode and 1x speeds only.
-
-
-3. Troubleshooting
-
-3.1 Use EPP mode if you can
-
-The most common problems that people report with the PARIDE drivers
-concern the parallel port CMOS settings. At this time, none of the
-PARIDE protocol modules support ECP mode, or any ECP combination modes.
-If you are able to do so, please set your parallel port into EPP mode
-using your CMOS setup procedure.
-
-3.2 Check the port delay
-
-Some parallel ports cannot reliably transfer data at full speed. To
-offset the errors, the PARIDE protocol modules introduce a "port
-delay" between each access to the i/o ports. Each protocol sets
-a default value for this delay. In most cases, the user can override
-the default and set it to 0 - resulting in somewhat higher transfer
-rates. In some rare cases (especially with older 486 systems) the
-default delays are not long enough. if you experience corrupt data
-transfers, or unexpected failures, you may wish to increase the
-port delay. The delay can be programmed using the "driveN" parameters
-to each of the high-level drivers. Please see the notes above, or
-read the comments at the beginning of the driver source files in
-linux/drivers/block/paride.
-
-3.3 Some drives need a printer reset
-
-There appear to be a number of "noname" external drives on the market
-that do not always power up correctly. We have noticed this with some
-drives based on OnSpec and older Freecom adapters. In these rare cases,
-the adapter can often be reinitialised by issuing a "printer reset" on
-the parallel port. As the reset operation is potentially disruptive in
-multiple device environments, the PARIDE drivers will not do it
-automatically. You can however, force a printer reset by doing:
-
- insmod lp reset=1
- rmmod lp
-
-If you have one of these marginal cases, you should probably build
-your paride drivers as modules, and arrange to do the printer reset
-before loading the PARIDE drivers.
-
-3.4 Use the verbose option and dmesg if you need help
-
-While a lot of testing has gone into these drivers to make them work
-as smoothly as possible, problems will arise. If you do have problems,
-please check all the obvious things first: does the drive work in
-DOS with the manufacturer's drivers ? If that doesn't yield any useful
-clues, then please make sure that only one drive is hooked to your system,
-and that either (a) PARPORT is enabled or (b) no other device driver
-is using your parallel port (check in /proc/ioports). Then, load the
-appropriate drivers (you can load several protocol modules if you want)
-as in:
-
- # insmod paride
- # insmod epat
- # insmod bpck
- # insmod kbic
- ...
- # insmod pd verbose=1
-
-(using the correct driver for the type of device you have, of course).
-The verbose=1 parameter will cause the drivers to log a trace of their
-activity as they attempt to locate your drive.
-
-Use 'dmesg' to capture a log of all the PARIDE messages (any messages
-beginning with paride:, a protocol module's name or a driver's name) and
-include that with your bug report. You can submit a bug report in one
-of two ways. Either send it directly to the author of the PARIDE suite,
-by e-mail to grant@torque.net, or join the linux-parport mailing list
-and post your report there.
-
-3.5 For more information or help
-
-You can join the linux-parport mailing list by sending a mail message
-to
- linux-parport-request@torque.net
-
-with the single word
-
- subscribe
-
-in the body of the mail message (not in the subject line). Please be
-sure that your mail program is correctly set up when you do this, as
-the list manager is a robot that will subscribe you using the reply
-address in your mail headers. REMOVE any anti-spam gimmicks you may
-have in your mail headers, when sending mail to the list server.
-
-You might also find some useful information on the linux-parport
-web pages (although they are not always up to date) at
-
- http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.torque.net/parport/
-
-
--- /dev/null
+==========================================
+Using the RAM disk block device with Linux
+==========================================
+
+.. Contents:
+
+ 1) Overview
+ 2) Kernel Command Line Parameters
+ 3) Using "rdev -r"
+ 4) An Example of Creating a Compressed RAM Disk
+
+
+1) Overview
+-----------
+
+The RAM disk driver is a way to use main system memory as a block device. It
+is required for initrd, an initial filesystem used if you need to load modules
+in order to access the root filesystem (see Documentation/admin-guide/initrd.rst). It can
+also be used for a temporary filesystem for crypto work, since the contents
+are erased on reboot.
+
+The RAM disk dynamically grows as more space is required. It does this by using
+RAM from the buffer cache. The driver marks the buffers it is using as dirty
+so that the VM subsystem does not try to reclaim them later.
+
+The RAM disk supports up to 16 RAM disks by default, and can be reconfigured
+to support an unlimited number of RAM disks (at your own risk). Just change
+the configuration symbol BLK_DEV_RAM_COUNT in the Block drivers config menu
+and (re)build the kernel.
+
+To use RAM disk support with your system, run './MAKEDEV ram' from the /dev
+directory. RAM disks are all major number 1, and start with minor number 0
+for /dev/ram0, etc. If used, modern kernels use /dev/ram0 for an initrd.
+
+The new RAM disk also has the ability to load compressed RAM disk images,
+allowing one to squeeze more programs onto an average installation or
+rescue floppy disk.
+
+
+2) Parameters
+---------------------------------
+
+2a) Kernel Command Line Parameters
+
+ ramdisk_size=N
+ Size of the ramdisk.
+
+This parameter tells the RAM disk driver to set up RAM disks of N k size. The
+default is 4096 (4 MB).
+
+2b) Module parameters
+
+ rd_nr
+ /dev/ramX devices created.
+
+ max_part
+ Maximum partition number.
+
+ rd_size
+ See ramdisk_size.
+
+3) Using "rdev -r"
+------------------
+
+The usage of the word (two bytes) that "rdev -r" sets in the kernel image is
+as follows. The low 11 bits (0 -> 10) specify an offset (in 1 k blocks) of up
+to 2 MB (2^11) of where to find the RAM disk (this used to be the size). Bit
+14 indicates that a RAM disk is to be loaded, and bit 15 indicates whether a
+prompt/wait sequence is to be given before trying to read the RAM disk. Since
+the RAM disk dynamically grows as data is being written into it, a size field
+is not required. Bits 11 to 13 are not currently used and may as well be zero.
+These numbers are no magical secrets, as seen below::
+
+ ./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_IMAGE_START_MASK 0x07FF
+ ./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_PROMPT_FLAG 0x8000
+ ./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_LOAD_FLAG 0x4000
+
+Consider a typical two floppy disk setup, where you will have the
+kernel on disk one, and have already put a RAM disk image onto disk #2.
+
+Hence you want to set bits 0 to 13 as 0, meaning that your RAM disk
+starts at an offset of 0 kB from the beginning of the floppy.
+The command line equivalent is: "ramdisk_start=0"
+
+You want bit 14 as one, indicating that a RAM disk is to be loaded.
+The command line equivalent is: "load_ramdisk=1"
+
+You want bit 15 as one, indicating that you want a prompt/keypress
+sequence so that you have a chance to switch floppy disks.
+The command line equivalent is: "prompt_ramdisk=1"
+
+Putting that together gives 2^15 + 2^14 + 0 = 49152 for an rdev word.
+So to create disk one of the set, you would do::
+
+ /usr/src/linux# cat arch/x86/boot/zImage > /dev/fd0
+ /usr/src/linux# rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
+ /usr/src/linux# rdev -r /dev/fd0 49152
+
+If you make a boot disk that has LILO, then for the above, you would use::
+
+ append = "ramdisk_start=0 load_ramdisk=1 prompt_ramdisk=1"
+
+Since the default start = 0 and the default prompt = 1, you could use::
+
+ append = "load_ramdisk=1"
+
+
+4) An Example of Creating a Compressed RAM Disk
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+To create a RAM disk image, you will need a spare block device to
+construct it on. This can be the RAM disk device itself, or an
+unused disk partition (such as an unmounted swap partition). For this
+example, we will use the RAM disk device, "/dev/ram0".
+
+Note: This technique should not be done on a machine with less than 8 MB
+of RAM. If using a spare disk partition instead of /dev/ram0, then this
+restriction does not apply.
+
+a) Decide on the RAM disk size that you want. Say 2 MB for this example.
+ Create it by writing to the RAM disk device. (This step is not currently
+ required, but may be in the future.) It is wise to zero out the
+ area (esp. for disks) so that maximal compression is achieved for
+ the unused blocks of the image that you are about to create::
+
+ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048
+
+b) Make a filesystem on it. Say ext2fs for this example::
+
+ mke2fs -vm0 /dev/ram0 2048
+
+c) Mount it, copy the files you want to it (eg: /etc/* /dev/* ...)
+ and unmount it again.
+
+d) Compress the contents of the RAM disk. The level of compression
+ will be approximately 50% of the space used by the files. Unused
+ space on the RAM disk will compress to almost nothing::
+
+ dd if=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048 | gzip -v9 > /tmp/ram_image.gz
+
+e) Put the kernel onto the floppy::
+
+ dd if=zImage of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k
+
+f) Put the RAM disk image onto the floppy, after the kernel. Use an offset
+ that is slightly larger than the kernel, so that you can put another
+ (possibly larger) kernel onto the same floppy later without overlapping
+ the RAM disk image. An offset of 400 kB for kernels about 350 kB in
+ size would be reasonable. Make sure offset+size of ram_image.gz is
+ not larger than the total space on your floppy (usually 1440 kB)::
+
+ dd if=/tmp/ram_image.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k seek=400
+
+g) Use "rdev" to set the boot device, RAM disk offset, prompt flag, etc.
+ For prompt_ramdisk=1, load_ramdisk=1, ramdisk_start=400, one would
+ have 2^15 + 2^14 + 400 = 49552::
+
+ rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
+ rdev -r /dev/fd0 49552
+
+That is it. You now have your boot/root compressed RAM disk floppy. Some
+users may wish to combine steps (d) and (f) by using a pipe.
+
+
+ Paul Gortmaker 12/95
+
+Changelog:
+----------
+
+10-22-04 :
+ Updated to reflect changes in command line options, remove
+ obsolete references, general cleanup.
+ James Nelson (james4765@gmail.com)
+
+
+12-95 :
+ Original Document
+++ /dev/null
-Using the RAM disk block device with Linux
-------------------------------------------
-
-Contents:
-
- 1) Overview
- 2) Kernel Command Line Parameters
- 3) Using "rdev -r"
- 4) An Example of Creating a Compressed RAM Disk
-
-
-1) Overview
------------
-
-The RAM disk driver is a way to use main system memory as a block device. It
-is required for initrd, an initial filesystem used if you need to load modules
-in order to access the root filesystem (see Documentation/admin-guide/initrd.rst). It can
-also be used for a temporary filesystem for crypto work, since the contents
-are erased on reboot.
-
-The RAM disk dynamically grows as more space is required. It does this by using
-RAM from the buffer cache. The driver marks the buffers it is using as dirty
-so that the VM subsystem does not try to reclaim them later.
-
-The RAM disk supports up to 16 RAM disks by default, and can be reconfigured
-to support an unlimited number of RAM disks (at your own risk). Just change
-the configuration symbol BLK_DEV_RAM_COUNT in the Block drivers config menu
-and (re)build the kernel.
-
-To use RAM disk support with your system, run './MAKEDEV ram' from the /dev
-directory. RAM disks are all major number 1, and start with minor number 0
-for /dev/ram0, etc. If used, modern kernels use /dev/ram0 for an initrd.
-
-The new RAM disk also has the ability to load compressed RAM disk images,
-allowing one to squeeze more programs onto an average installation or
-rescue floppy disk.
-
-
-2) Parameters
----------------------------------
-
-2a) Kernel Command Line Parameters
-
- ramdisk_size=N
- ==============
-
-This parameter tells the RAM disk driver to set up RAM disks of N k size. The
-default is 4096 (4 MB).
-
-2b) Module parameters
-
- rd_nr
- =====
- /dev/ramX devices created.
-
- max_part
- ========
- Maximum partition number.
-
- rd_size
- =======
- See ramdisk_size.
-
-3) Using "rdev -r"
-------------------
-
-The usage of the word (two bytes) that "rdev -r" sets in the kernel image is
-as follows. The low 11 bits (0 -> 10) specify an offset (in 1 k blocks) of up
-to 2 MB (2^11) of where to find the RAM disk (this used to be the size). Bit
-14 indicates that a RAM disk is to be loaded, and bit 15 indicates whether a
-prompt/wait sequence is to be given before trying to read the RAM disk. Since
-the RAM disk dynamically grows as data is being written into it, a size field
-is not required. Bits 11 to 13 are not currently used and may as well be zero.
-These numbers are no magical secrets, as seen below:
-
-./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_IMAGE_START_MASK 0x07FF
-./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_PROMPT_FLAG 0x8000
-./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_LOAD_FLAG 0x4000
-
-Consider a typical two floppy disk setup, where you will have the
-kernel on disk one, and have already put a RAM disk image onto disk #2.
-
-Hence you want to set bits 0 to 13 as 0, meaning that your RAM disk
-starts at an offset of 0 kB from the beginning of the floppy.
-The command line equivalent is: "ramdisk_start=0"
-
-You want bit 14 as one, indicating that a RAM disk is to be loaded.
-The command line equivalent is: "load_ramdisk=1"
-
-You want bit 15 as one, indicating that you want a prompt/keypress
-sequence so that you have a chance to switch floppy disks.
-The command line equivalent is: "prompt_ramdisk=1"
-
-Putting that together gives 2^15 + 2^14 + 0 = 49152 for an rdev word.
-So to create disk one of the set, you would do:
-
- /usr/src/linux# cat arch/x86/boot/zImage > /dev/fd0
- /usr/src/linux# rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
- /usr/src/linux# rdev -r /dev/fd0 49152
-
-If you make a boot disk that has LILO, then for the above, you would use:
- append = "ramdisk_start=0 load_ramdisk=1 prompt_ramdisk=1"
-Since the default start = 0 and the default prompt = 1, you could use:
- append = "load_ramdisk=1"
-
-
-4) An Example of Creating a Compressed RAM Disk
-----------------------------------------------
-
-To create a RAM disk image, you will need a spare block device to
-construct it on. This can be the RAM disk device itself, or an
-unused disk partition (such as an unmounted swap partition). For this
-example, we will use the RAM disk device, "/dev/ram0".
-
-Note: This technique should not be done on a machine with less than 8 MB
-of RAM. If using a spare disk partition instead of /dev/ram0, then this
-restriction does not apply.
-
-a) Decide on the RAM disk size that you want. Say 2 MB for this example.
- Create it by writing to the RAM disk device. (This step is not currently
- required, but may be in the future.) It is wise to zero out the
- area (esp. for disks) so that maximal compression is achieved for
- the unused blocks of the image that you are about to create.
-
- dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048
-
-b) Make a filesystem on it. Say ext2fs for this example.
-
- mke2fs -vm0 /dev/ram0 2048
-
-c) Mount it, copy the files you want to it (eg: /etc/* /dev/* ...)
- and unmount it again.
-
-d) Compress the contents of the RAM disk. The level of compression
- will be approximately 50% of the space used by the files. Unused
- space on the RAM disk will compress to almost nothing.
-
- dd if=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048 | gzip -v9 > /tmp/ram_image.gz
-
-e) Put the kernel onto the floppy
-
- dd if=zImage of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k
-
-f) Put the RAM disk image onto the floppy, after the kernel. Use an offset
- that is slightly larger than the kernel, so that you can put another
- (possibly larger) kernel onto the same floppy later without overlapping
- the RAM disk image. An offset of 400 kB for kernels about 350 kB in
- size would be reasonable. Make sure offset+size of ram_image.gz is
- not larger than the total space on your floppy (usually 1440 kB).
-
- dd if=/tmp/ram_image.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k seek=400
-
-g) Use "rdev" to set the boot device, RAM disk offset, prompt flag, etc.
- For prompt_ramdisk=1, load_ramdisk=1, ramdisk_start=400, one would
- have 2^15 + 2^14 + 400 = 49552.
-
- rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
- rdev -r /dev/fd0 49552
-
-That is it. You now have your boot/root compressed RAM disk floppy. Some
-users may wish to combine steps (d) and (f) by using a pipe.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Paul Gortmaker 12/95
-
-Changelog:
-----------
-
-10-22-04 : Updated to reflect changes in command line options, remove
- obsolete references, general cleanup.
- James Nelson (james4765@gmail.com)
-
-
-12-95 : Original Document
--- /dev/null
+========================================
+zram: Compressed RAM based block devices
+========================================
+
+Introduction
+============
+
+The zram module creates RAM based block devices named /dev/zram<id>
+(<id> = 0, 1, ...). Pages written to these disks are compressed and stored
+in memory itself. These disks allow very fast I/O and compression provides
+good amounts of memory savings. Some of the usecases include /tmp storage,
+use as swap disks, various caches under /var and maybe many more :)
+
+Statistics for individual zram devices are exported through sysfs nodes at
+/sys/block/zram<id>/
+
+Usage
+=====
+
+There are several ways to configure and manage zram device(-s):
+
+a) using zram and zram_control sysfs attributes
+b) using zramctl utility, provided by util-linux (util-linux@vger.kernel.org).
+
+In this document we will describe only 'manual' zram configuration steps,
+IOW, zram and zram_control sysfs attributes.
+
+In order to get a better idea about zramctl please consult util-linux
+documentation, zramctl man-page or `zramctl --help`. Please be informed
+that zram maintainers do not develop/maintain util-linux or zramctl, should
+you have any questions please contact util-linux@vger.kernel.org
+
+Following shows a typical sequence of steps for using zram.
+
+WARNING
+=======
+
+For the sake of simplicity we skip error checking parts in most of the
+examples below. However, it is your sole responsibility to handle errors.
+
+zram sysfs attributes always return negative values in case of errors.
+The list of possible return codes:
+
+======== =============================================================
+-EBUSY an attempt to modify an attribute that cannot be changed once
+ the device has been initialised. Please reset device first;
+-ENOMEM zram was not able to allocate enough memory to fulfil your
+ needs;
+-EINVAL invalid input has been provided.
+======== =============================================================
+
+If you use 'echo', the returned value that is changed by 'echo' utility,
+and, in general case, something like::
+
+ echo 3 > /sys/block/zram0/max_comp_streams
+ if [ $? -ne 0 ];
+ handle_error
+ fi
+
+should suffice.
+
+1) Load Module
+==============
+
+::
+
+ modprobe zram num_devices=4
+ This creates 4 devices: /dev/zram{0,1,2,3}
+
+num_devices parameter is optional and tells zram how many devices should be
+pre-created. Default: 1.
+
+2) Set max number of compression streams
+========================================
+
+Regardless the value passed to this attribute, ZRAM will always
+allocate multiple compression streams - one per online CPUs - thus
+allowing several concurrent compression operations. The number of
+allocated compression streams goes down when some of the CPUs
+become offline. There is no single-compression-stream mode anymore,
+unless you are running a UP system or has only 1 CPU online.
+
+To find out how many streams are currently available::
+
+ cat /sys/block/zram0/max_comp_streams
+
+3) Select compression algorithm
+===============================
+
+Using comp_algorithm device attribute one can see available and
+currently selected (shown in square brackets) compression algorithms,
+change selected compression algorithm (once the device is initialised
+there is no way to change compression algorithm).
+
+Examples::
+
+ #show supported compression algorithms
+ cat /sys/block/zram0/comp_algorithm
+ lzo [lz4]
+
+ #select lzo compression algorithm
+ echo lzo > /sys/block/zram0/comp_algorithm
+
+For the time being, the `comp_algorithm` content does not necessarily
+show every compression algorithm supported by the kernel. We keep this
+list primarily to simplify device configuration and one can configure
+a new device with a compression algorithm that is not listed in
+`comp_algorithm`. The thing is that, internally, ZRAM uses Crypto API
+and, if some of the algorithms were built as modules, it's impossible
+to list all of them using, for instance, /proc/crypto or any other
+method. This, however, has an advantage of permitting the usage of
+custom crypto compression modules (implementing S/W or H/W compression).
+
+4) Set Disksize
+===============
+
+Set disk size by writing the value to sysfs node 'disksize'.
+The value can be either in bytes or you can use mem suffixes.
+Examples::
+
+ # Initialize /dev/zram0 with 50MB disksize
+ echo $((50*1024*1024)) > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
+
+ # Using mem suffixes
+ echo 256K > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
+ echo 512M > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
+ echo 1G > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
+
+Note:
+There is little point creating a zram of greater than twice the size of memory
+since we expect a 2:1 compression ratio. Note that zram uses about 0.1% of the
+size of the disk when not in use so a huge zram is wasteful.
+
+5) Set memory limit: Optional
+=============================
+
+Set memory limit by writing the value to sysfs node 'mem_limit'.
+The value can be either in bytes or you can use mem suffixes.
+In addition, you could change the value in runtime.
+Examples::
+
+ # limit /dev/zram0 with 50MB memory
+ echo $((50*1024*1024)) > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
+
+ # Using mem suffixes
+ echo 256K > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
+ echo 512M > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
+ echo 1G > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
+
+ # To disable memory limit
+ echo 0 > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
+
+6) Activate
+===========
+
+::
+
+ mkswap /dev/zram0
+ swapon /dev/zram0
+
+ mkfs.ext4 /dev/zram1
+ mount /dev/zram1 /tmp
+
+7) Add/remove zram devices
+==========================
+
+zram provides a control interface, which enables dynamic (on-demand) device
+addition and removal.
+
+In order to add a new /dev/zramX device, perform read operation on hot_add
+attribute. This will return either new device's device id (meaning that you
+can use /dev/zram<id>) or error code.
+
+Example::
+
+ cat /sys/class/zram-control/hot_add
+ 1
+
+To remove the existing /dev/zramX device (where X is a device id)
+execute::
+
+ echo X > /sys/class/zram-control/hot_remove
+
+8) Stats
+========
+
+Per-device statistics are exported as various nodes under /sys/block/zram<id>/
+
+A brief description of exported device attributes. For more details please
+read Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-block-zram.
+
+====================== ====== ===============================================
+Name access description
+====================== ====== ===============================================
+disksize RW show and set the device's disk size
+initstate RO shows the initialization state of the device
+reset WO trigger device reset
+mem_used_max WO reset the `mem_used_max` counter (see later)
+mem_limit WO specifies the maximum amount of memory ZRAM can
+ use to store the compressed data
+writeback_limit WO specifies the maximum amount of write IO zram
+ can write out to backing device as 4KB unit
+writeback_limit_enable RW show and set writeback_limit feature
+max_comp_streams RW the number of possible concurrent compress
+ operations
+comp_algorithm RW show and change the compression algorithm
+compact WO trigger memory compaction
+debug_stat RO this file is used for zram debugging purposes
+backing_dev RW set up backend storage for zram to write out
+idle WO mark allocated slot as idle
+====================== ====== ===============================================
+
+
+User space is advised to use the following files to read the device statistics.
+
+File /sys/block/zram<id>/stat
+
+Represents block layer statistics. Read Documentation/block/stat.txt for
+details.
+
+File /sys/block/zram<id>/io_stat
+
+The stat file represents device's I/O statistics not accounted by block
+layer and, thus, not available in zram<id>/stat file. It consists of a
+single line of text and contains the following stats separated by
+whitespace:
+
+ ============= =============================================================
+ failed_reads The number of failed reads
+ failed_writes The number of failed writes
+ invalid_io The number of non-page-size-aligned I/O requests
+ notify_free Depending on device usage scenario it may account
+
+ a) the number of pages freed because of swap slot free
+ notifications
+ b) the number of pages freed because of
+ REQ_OP_DISCARD requests sent by bio. The former ones are
+ sent to a swap block device when a swap slot is freed,
+ which implies that this disk is being used as a swap disk.
+
+ The latter ones are sent by filesystem mounted with
+ discard option, whenever some data blocks are getting
+ discarded.
+ ============= =============================================================
+
+File /sys/block/zram<id>/mm_stat
+
+The stat file represents device's mm statistics. It consists of a single
+line of text and contains the following stats separated by whitespace:
+
+ ================ =============================================================
+ orig_data_size uncompressed size of data stored in this disk.
+ This excludes same-element-filled pages (same_pages) since
+ no memory is allocated for them.
+ Unit: bytes
+ compr_data_size compressed size of data stored in this disk
+ mem_used_total the amount of memory allocated for this disk. This
+ includes allocator fragmentation and metadata overhead,
+ allocated for this disk. So, allocator space efficiency
+ can be calculated using compr_data_size and this statistic.
+ Unit: bytes
+ mem_limit the maximum amount of memory ZRAM can use to store
+ the compressed data
+ mem_used_max the maximum amount of memory zram have consumed to
+ store the data
+ same_pages the number of same element filled pages written to this disk.
+ No memory is allocated for such pages.
+ pages_compacted the number of pages freed during compaction
+ huge_pages the number of incompressible pages
+ ================ =============================================================
+
+File /sys/block/zram<id>/bd_stat
+
+The stat file represents device's backing device statistics. It consists of
+a single line of text and contains the following stats separated by whitespace:
+
+ ============== =============================================================
+ bd_count size of data written in backing device.
+ Unit: 4K bytes
+ bd_reads the number of reads from backing device
+ Unit: 4K bytes
+ bd_writes the number of writes to backing device
+ Unit: 4K bytes
+ ============== =============================================================
+
+9) Deactivate
+=============
+
+::
+
+ swapoff /dev/zram0
+ umount /dev/zram1
+
+10) Reset
+=========
+
+ Write any positive value to 'reset' sysfs node::
+
+ echo 1 > /sys/block/zram0/reset
+ echo 1 > /sys/block/zram1/reset
+
+ This frees all the memory allocated for the given device and
+ resets the disksize to zero. You must set the disksize again
+ before reusing the device.
+
+Optional Feature
+================
+
+writeback
+---------
+
+With CONFIG_ZRAM_WRITEBACK, zram can write idle/incompressible page
+to backing storage rather than keeping it in memory.
+To use the feature, admin should set up backing device via::
+
+ echo /dev/sda5 > /sys/block/zramX/backing_dev
+
+before disksize setting. It supports only partition at this moment.
+If admin want to use incompressible page writeback, they could do via::
+
+ echo huge > /sys/block/zramX/write
+
+To use idle page writeback, first, user need to declare zram pages
+as idle::
+
+ echo all > /sys/block/zramX/idle
+
+From now on, any pages on zram are idle pages. The idle mark
+will be removed until someone request access of the block.
+IOW, unless there is access request, those pages are still idle pages.
+
+Admin can request writeback of those idle pages at right timing via::
+
+ echo idle > /sys/block/zramX/writeback
+
+With the command, zram writeback idle pages from memory to the storage.
+
+If there are lots of write IO with flash device, potentially, it has
+flash wearout problem so that admin needs to design write limitation
+to guarantee storage health for entire product life.
+
+To overcome the concern, zram supports "writeback_limit" feature.
+The "writeback_limit_enable"'s default value is 0 so that it doesn't limit
+any writeback. IOW, if admin want to apply writeback budget, he should
+enable writeback_limit_enable via::
+
+ $ echo 1 > /sys/block/zramX/writeback_limit_enable
+
+Once writeback_limit_enable is set, zram doesn't allow any writeback
+until admin set the budget via /sys/block/zramX/writeback_limit.
+
+(If admin doesn't enable writeback_limit_enable, writeback_limit's value
+assigned via /sys/block/zramX/writeback_limit is meaninless.)
+
+If admin want to limit writeback as per-day 400M, he could do it
+like below::
+
+ $ MB_SHIFT=20
+ $ 4K_SHIFT=12
+ $ echo $((400<<MB_SHIFT>>4K_SHIFT)) > \
+ /sys/block/zram0/writeback_limit.
+ $ echo 1 > /sys/block/zram0/writeback_limit_enable
+
+If admin want to allow further write again once the bugdet is exausted,
+he could do it like below::
+
+ $ echo $((400<<MB_SHIFT>>4K_SHIFT)) > \
+ /sys/block/zram0/writeback_limit
+
+If admin want to see remaining writeback budget since he set::
+
+ $ cat /sys/block/zramX/writeback_limit
+
+If admin want to disable writeback limit, he could do::
+
+ $ echo 0 > /sys/block/zramX/writeback_limit_enable
+
+The writeback_limit count will reset whenever you reset zram(e.g.,
+system reboot, echo 1 > /sys/block/zramX/reset) so keeping how many of
+writeback happened until you reset the zram to allocate extra writeback
+budget in next setting is user's job.
+
+If admin want to measure writeback count in a certain period, he could
+know it via /sys/block/zram0/bd_stat's 3rd column.
+
+memory tracking
+===============
+
+With CONFIG_ZRAM_MEMORY_TRACKING, user can know information of the
+zram block. It could be useful to catch cold or incompressible
+pages of the process with*pagemap.
+
+If you enable the feature, you could see block state via
+/sys/kernel/debug/zram/zram0/block_state". The output is as follows::
+
+ 300 75.033841 .wh.
+ 301 63.806904 s...
+ 302 63.806919 ..hi
+
+First column
+ zram's block index.
+Second column
+ access time since the system was booted
+Third column
+ state of the block:
+
+ s:
+ same page
+ w:
+ written page to backing store
+ h:
+ huge page
+ i:
+ idle page
+
+First line of above example says 300th block is accessed at 75.033841sec
+and the block's state is huge so it is written back to the backing
+storage. It's a debugging feature so anyone shouldn't rely on it to work
+properly.
+
+Nitin Gupta
+ngupta@vflare.org
+++ /dev/null
-zram: Compressed RAM based block devices
-----------------------------------------
-
-* Introduction
-
-The zram module creates RAM based block devices named /dev/zram<id>
-(<id> = 0, 1, ...). Pages written to these disks are compressed and stored
-in memory itself. These disks allow very fast I/O and compression provides
-good amounts of memory savings. Some of the usecases include /tmp storage,
-use as swap disks, various caches under /var and maybe many more :)
-
-Statistics for individual zram devices are exported through sysfs nodes at
-/sys/block/zram<id>/
-
-* Usage
-
-There are several ways to configure and manage zram device(-s):
-a) using zram and zram_control sysfs attributes
-b) using zramctl utility, provided by util-linux (util-linux@vger.kernel.org).
-
-In this document we will describe only 'manual' zram configuration steps,
-IOW, zram and zram_control sysfs attributes.
-
-In order to get a better idea about zramctl please consult util-linux
-documentation, zramctl man-page or `zramctl --help'. Please be informed
-that zram maintainers do not develop/maintain util-linux or zramctl, should
-you have any questions please contact util-linux@vger.kernel.org
-
-Following shows a typical sequence of steps for using zram.
-
-WARNING
-=======
-For the sake of simplicity we skip error checking parts in most of the
-examples below. However, it is your sole responsibility to handle errors.
-
-zram sysfs attributes always return negative values in case of errors.
-The list of possible return codes:
--EBUSY -- an attempt to modify an attribute that cannot be changed once
-the device has been initialised. Please reset device first;
--ENOMEM -- zram was not able to allocate enough memory to fulfil your
-needs;
--EINVAL -- invalid input has been provided.
-
-If you use 'echo', the returned value that is changed by 'echo' utility,
-and, in general case, something like:
-
- echo 3 > /sys/block/zram0/max_comp_streams
- if [ $? -ne 0 ];
- handle_error
- fi
-
-should suffice.
-
-1) Load Module:
- modprobe zram num_devices=4
- This creates 4 devices: /dev/zram{0,1,2,3}
-
-num_devices parameter is optional and tells zram how many devices should be
-pre-created. Default: 1.
-
-2) Set max number of compression streams
-Regardless the value passed to this attribute, ZRAM will always
-allocate multiple compression streams - one per online CPUs - thus
-allowing several concurrent compression operations. The number of
-allocated compression streams goes down when some of the CPUs
-become offline. There is no single-compression-stream mode anymore,
-unless you are running a UP system or has only 1 CPU online.
-
-To find out how many streams are currently available:
- cat /sys/block/zram0/max_comp_streams
-
-3) Select compression algorithm
-Using comp_algorithm device attribute one can see available and
-currently selected (shown in square brackets) compression algorithms,
-change selected compression algorithm (once the device is initialised
-there is no way to change compression algorithm).
-
-Examples:
- #show supported compression algorithms
- cat /sys/block/zram0/comp_algorithm
- lzo [lz4]
-
- #select lzo compression algorithm
- echo lzo > /sys/block/zram0/comp_algorithm
-
-For the time being, the `comp_algorithm' content does not necessarily
-show every compression algorithm supported by the kernel. We keep this
-list primarily to simplify device configuration and one can configure
-a new device with a compression algorithm that is not listed in
-`comp_algorithm'. The thing is that, internally, ZRAM uses Crypto API
-and, if some of the algorithms were built as modules, it's impossible
-to list all of them using, for instance, /proc/crypto or any other
-method. This, however, has an advantage of permitting the usage of
-custom crypto compression modules (implementing S/W or H/W compression).
-
-4) Set Disksize
-Set disk size by writing the value to sysfs node 'disksize'.
-The value can be either in bytes or you can use mem suffixes.
-Examples:
- # Initialize /dev/zram0 with 50MB disksize
- echo $((50*1024*1024)) > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
-
- # Using mem suffixes
- echo 256K > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
- echo 512M > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
- echo 1G > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
-
-Note:
-There is little point creating a zram of greater than twice the size of memory
-since we expect a 2:1 compression ratio. Note that zram uses about 0.1% of the
-size of the disk when not in use so a huge zram is wasteful.
-
-5) Set memory limit: Optional
-Set memory limit by writing the value to sysfs node 'mem_limit'.
-The value can be either in bytes or you can use mem suffixes.
-In addition, you could change the value in runtime.
-Examples:
- # limit /dev/zram0 with 50MB memory
- echo $((50*1024*1024)) > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
-
- # Using mem suffixes
- echo 256K > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
- echo 512M > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
- echo 1G > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
-
- # To disable memory limit
- echo 0 > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
-
-6) Activate:
- mkswap /dev/zram0
- swapon /dev/zram0
-
- mkfs.ext4 /dev/zram1
- mount /dev/zram1 /tmp
-
-7) Add/remove zram devices
-
-zram provides a control interface, which enables dynamic (on-demand) device
-addition and removal.
-
-In order to add a new /dev/zramX device, perform read operation on hot_add
-attribute. This will return either new device's device id (meaning that you
-can use /dev/zram<id>) or error code.
-
-Example:
- cat /sys/class/zram-control/hot_add
- 1
-
-To remove the existing /dev/zramX device (where X is a device id)
-execute
- echo X > /sys/class/zram-control/hot_remove
-
-8) Stats:
-Per-device statistics are exported as various nodes under /sys/block/zram<id>/
-
-A brief description of exported device attributes. For more details please
-read Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-block-zram.
-
-Name access description
----- ------ -----------
-disksize RW show and set the device's disk size
-initstate RO shows the initialization state of the device
-reset WO trigger device reset
-mem_used_max WO reset the `mem_used_max' counter (see later)
-mem_limit WO specifies the maximum amount of memory ZRAM can use
- to store the compressed data
-writeback_limit WO specifies the maximum amount of write IO zram can
- write out to backing device as 4KB unit
-writeback_limit_enable RW show and set writeback_limit feature
-max_comp_streams RW the number of possible concurrent compress operations
-comp_algorithm RW show and change the compression algorithm
-compact WO trigger memory compaction
-debug_stat RO this file is used for zram debugging purposes
-backing_dev RW set up backend storage for zram to write out
-idle WO mark allocated slot as idle
-
-
-User space is advised to use the following files to read the device statistics.
-
-File /sys/block/zram<id>/stat
-
-Represents block layer statistics. Read Documentation/block/stat.txt for
-details.
-
-File /sys/block/zram<id>/io_stat
-
-The stat file represents device's I/O statistics not accounted by block
-layer and, thus, not available in zram<id>/stat file. It consists of a
-single line of text and contains the following stats separated by
-whitespace:
- failed_reads the number of failed reads
- failed_writes the number of failed writes
- invalid_io the number of non-page-size-aligned I/O requests
- notify_free Depending on device usage scenario it may account
- a) the number of pages freed because of swap slot free
- notifications or b) the number of pages freed because of
- REQ_OP_DISCARD requests sent by bio. The former ones are
- sent to a swap block device when a swap slot is freed,
- which implies that this disk is being used as a swap disk.
- The latter ones are sent by filesystem mounted with
- discard option, whenever some data blocks are getting
- discarded.
-
-File /sys/block/zram<id>/mm_stat
-
-The stat file represents device's mm statistics. It consists of a single
-line of text and contains the following stats separated by whitespace:
- orig_data_size uncompressed size of data stored in this disk.
- This excludes same-element-filled pages (same_pages) since
- no memory is allocated for them.
- Unit: bytes
- compr_data_size compressed size of data stored in this disk
- mem_used_total the amount of memory allocated for this disk. This
- includes allocator fragmentation and metadata overhead,
- allocated for this disk. So, allocator space efficiency
- can be calculated using compr_data_size and this statistic.
- Unit: bytes
- mem_limit the maximum amount of memory ZRAM can use to store
- the compressed data
- mem_used_max the maximum amount of memory zram have consumed to
- store the data
- same_pages the number of same element filled pages written to this disk.
- No memory is allocated for such pages.
- pages_compacted the number of pages freed during compaction
- huge_pages the number of incompressible pages
-
-File /sys/block/zram<id>/bd_stat
-
-The stat file represents device's backing device statistics. It consists of
-a single line of text and contains the following stats separated by whitespace:
- bd_count size of data written in backing device.
- Unit: 4K bytes
- bd_reads the number of reads from backing device
- Unit: 4K bytes
- bd_writes the number of writes to backing device
- Unit: 4K bytes
-
-9) Deactivate:
- swapoff /dev/zram0
- umount /dev/zram1
-
-10) Reset:
- Write any positive value to 'reset' sysfs node
- echo 1 > /sys/block/zram0/reset
- echo 1 > /sys/block/zram1/reset
-
- This frees all the memory allocated for the given device and
- resets the disksize to zero. You must set the disksize again
- before reusing the device.
-
-* Optional Feature
-
-= writeback
-
-With CONFIG_ZRAM_WRITEBACK, zram can write idle/incompressible page
-to backing storage rather than keeping it in memory.
-To use the feature, admin should set up backing device via
-
- "echo /dev/sda5 > /sys/block/zramX/backing_dev"
-
-before disksize setting. It supports only partition at this moment.
-If admin want to use incompressible page writeback, they could do via
-
- "echo huge > /sys/block/zramX/write"
-
-To use idle page writeback, first, user need to declare zram pages
-as idle.
-
- "echo all > /sys/block/zramX/idle"
-
-From now on, any pages on zram are idle pages. The idle mark
-will be removed until someone request access of the block.
-IOW, unless there is access request, those pages are still idle pages.
-
-Admin can request writeback of those idle pages at right timing via
-
- "echo idle > /sys/block/zramX/writeback"
-
-With the command, zram writeback idle pages from memory to the storage.
-
-If there are lots of write IO with flash device, potentially, it has
-flash wearout problem so that admin needs to design write limitation
-to guarantee storage health for entire product life.
-
-To overcome the concern, zram supports "writeback_limit" feature.
-The "writeback_limit_enable"'s default value is 0 so that it doesn't limit
-any writeback. IOW, if admin want to apply writeback budget, he should
-enable writeback_limit_enable via
-
- $ echo 1 > /sys/block/zramX/writeback_limit_enable
-
-Once writeback_limit_enable is set, zram doesn't allow any writeback
-until admin set the budget via /sys/block/zramX/writeback_limit.
-
-(If admin doesn't enable writeback_limit_enable, writeback_limit's value
-assigned via /sys/block/zramX/writeback_limit is meaninless.)
-
-If admin want to limit writeback as per-day 400M, he could do it
-like below.
-
- $ MB_SHIFT=20
- $ 4K_SHIFT=12
- $ echo $((400<<MB_SHIFT>>4K_SHIFT)) > \
- /sys/block/zram0/writeback_limit.
- $ echo 1 > /sys/block/zram0/writeback_limit_enable
-
-If admin want to allow further write again once the bugdet is exausted,
-he could do it like below
-
- $ echo $((400<<MB_SHIFT>>4K_SHIFT)) > \
- /sys/block/zram0/writeback_limit
-
-If admin want to see remaining writeback budget since he set,
-
- $ cat /sys/block/zramX/writeback_limit
-
-If admin want to disable writeback limit, he could do
-
- $ echo 0 > /sys/block/zramX/writeback_limit_enable
-
-The writeback_limit count will reset whenever you reset zram(e.g.,
-system reboot, echo 1 > /sys/block/zramX/reset) so keeping how many of
-writeback happened until you reset the zram to allocate extra writeback
-budget in next setting is user's job.
-
-If admin want to measure writeback count in a certain period, he could
-know it via /sys/block/zram0/bd_stat's 3rd column.
-
-= memory tracking
-
-With CONFIG_ZRAM_MEMORY_TRACKING, user can know information of the
-zram block. It could be useful to catch cold or incompressible
-pages of the process with*pagemap.
-If you enable the feature, you could see block state via
-/sys/kernel/debug/zram/zram0/block_state". The output is as follows,
-
- 300 75.033841 .wh.
- 301 63.806904 s...
- 302 63.806919 ..hi
-
-First column is zram's block index.
-Second column is access time since the system was booted
-Third column is state of the block.
-(s: same page
-w: written page to backing store
-h: huge page
-i: idle page)
-
-First line of above example says 300th block is accessed at 75.033841sec
-and the block's state is huge so it is written back to the backing
-storage. It's a debugging feature so anyone shouldn't rely on it to work
-properly.
-
-Nitin Gupta
-ngupta@vflare.org
S: Maintained
L: linux-block@vger.kernel.org
L: nbd@other.debian.org
-F: Documentation/blockdev/nbd.txt
+F: Documentation/blockdev/nbd.rst
F: drivers/block/nbd.c
F: include/trace/events/nbd.h
F: include/uapi/linux/nbd.h
M: Tim Waugh <tim@cyberelk.net>
L: linux-parport@lists.infradead.org (subscribers-only)
S: Maintained
-F: Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt
+F: Documentation/blockdev/paride.rst
F: drivers/block/paride/
PARISC ARCHITECTURE
RAMDISK RAM BLOCK DEVICE DRIVER
M: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
S: Maintained
-F: Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt
+F: Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.rst
F: drivers/block/brd.c
RANCHU VIRTUAL BOARD FOR MIPS
L: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
S: Maintained
F: drivers/block/zram/
-F: Documentation/blockdev/zram.txt
+F: Documentation/blockdev/zram.rst
ZS DECSTATION Z85C30 SERIAL DRIVER
M: "Maciej W. Rozycki" <macro@linux-mips.org>
If you want to use the floppy disk drive(s) of your PC under Linux,
say Y. Information about this driver, especially important for IBM
Thinkpad users, is contained in
- <file:Documentation/blockdev/floppy.txt>.
+ <file:Documentation/blockdev/floppy.rst>.
That file also contains the location of the Floppy driver FAQ as
well as location of the fdutils package used to configure additional
parameters of the driver at run time.
your computer's parallel port. Most of them are actually IDE devices
using a parallel port IDE adapter. This option enables the PARIDE
subsystem which contains drivers for many of these external drives.
- Read <file:Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt> for more information.
+ Read <file:Documentation/blockdev/paride.rst> for more information.
If you have said Y to the "Parallel-port support" configuration
option, you may share a single port between your printer and other
userland (making server and client physically the same computer,
communicating using the loopback network device).
- Read <file:Documentation/blockdev/nbd.txt> for more information,
+ Read <file:Documentation/blockdev/nbd.rst> for more information,
especially about where to find the server code, which runs in user
space and does not need special kernel support.
during the initial install of Linux.
Note that the kernel command line option "ramdisk=XX" is now obsolete.
- For details, read <file:Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt>.
+ For details, read <file:Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.rst>.
To compile this driver as a module, choose M here: the
module will be called brd. An alias "rd" has been defined
pr_cont("\n");
} else
DPRINT("botched floppy option\n");
- DPRINT("Read Documentation/blockdev/floppy.txt\n");
+ DPRINT("Read Documentation/blockdev/floppy.rst\n");
return 0;
}
It has several use cases, for example: /tmp storage, use as swap
disks and maybe many more.
- See Documentation/blockdev/zram.txt for more information.
+ See Documentation/blockdev/zram.rst for more information.
config ZRAM_WRITEBACK
bool "Write back incompressible or idle page to backing device"
With /sys/block/zramX/{idle,writeback}, application could ask
idle page's writeback to the backing device to save in memory.
- See Documentation/blockdev/zram.txt for more information.
+ See Documentation/blockdev/zram.rst for more information.
config ZRAM_MEMORY_TRACKING
bool "Track zRam block status"
of zRAM. Admin could see the information via
/sys/kernel/debug/zram/zramX/block_state.
- See Documentation/blockdev/zram.txt for more information.
+ See Documentation/blockdev/zram.rst for more information.
- mkfs/ mkfs.ext4
For more information please refer:
-kernel-source-tree/Documentation/blockdev/zram.txt
+kernel-source-tree/Documentation/blockdev/zram.rst
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